主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(The Active Voice)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(The Passive Voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。
e.g. 1.They make trains in Zhuzhou .
Trains are made in Zhuzhou.
2.The farmers grow cotton every year.
Cotton is grown by the farmers every year.
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：
am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則(與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式構(gòu)成規(guī)則一樣)：
1、一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed，looked played
2、結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞加-d ， lived used
3、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫(xiě)
這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-ed， planned tripped
4、結(jié)尾是“輔音字母+y”的動(dòng)詞，先變“y”為“i” ， 再
加-ed ， study---studied， carry---carried
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞要牢記
寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，過(guò)去分詞：
1、speak (spoke spoken) 2、use used used
3、make made made 4、write wrote written
5、grow grew grown 6、plant planted planted
7、produce produced produced 8、ask asked asked
9、plan planned planned 10、send sent sent
11 、 build built built 12、invite invited invited
(二)一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：
was/were+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
e.g 1、The bridge was built last year.
2、It was used in the old days.
3、The PRC was founded
on October1，1949.
(三)含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can/may/must/should)+be+及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞
e.g 1、This bike can be repaired.
2、The tree must be put straight in the hole.
3、The classroom should be cleaned every day.
(四)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
(五)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
(六)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Tom is mending my bike now.→My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →Trees are being planted over there by them.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：
1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ);
2、主動(dòng)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu);
3、主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)，由by 引出，當(dāng)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)
作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常省略。
把下列的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：
1、They speak English in Canada .(English….)
2、People use wood for making tables. (wood….)
3、The make computers in the USA.(Computers…)
4、They grow rice in South China.(Rice…)
使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to
例：make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
4. 如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。
He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
6.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，賓補(bǔ)不變。
(1) 將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)不變。
如：They call her Xiao Li. →She is called Xiao Li.
He left the door open. →The door war left open by him.
(2) make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel, notice. help動(dòng)詞后變做賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不加to，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，必須加to .
如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.
→I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young.
I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.
→She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.
7)有些詞如want, need, require和 be worth后面， v-ing形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。
如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.
The book is worth reading.
8)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是以下時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)。
happen, belong to, suit, fit(適合), have, let, join, fall, last(延長(zhǎng)),cost(花費(fèi))
break out(爆發(fā))appear, burst out(迸發(fā))，hold(容納)，lack(缺乏)，agree with(同意).
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與SVC(動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，句子主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，SVC結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)，其中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)一般要與相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一致。
下面把這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)作一比較：
1、The library is usually closed at 6.圖書(shū)館通常六點(diǎn)關(guān)門(mén)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The library is now closed.圖書(shū)館關(guān)門(mén)了。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
2、The bridge was completed in 1968.橋是1968年建成的。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The bridge is completed.橋已修好。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
3、The glass was broken by my sister.玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
