動詞的語態
動詞的語態---表示謂語與主語之間的關系的動詞形式叫做語態，分為主動語態和被動語態。
主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者
一、被動語態
結構:1.行為動詞的被動語態: 助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞.
be有人稱.時態.數的變化,其變化規則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣.
一般現在時 am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞 一般過去時 was/were +及物動詞的過去分詞
一般將來時 will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞 現在完成時 have/has+been+及物動詞的過去分詞
2.情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞 + be +及物動詞的過去分詞
否定式:是在助動詞 be 或情態動詞后加not構成
疑問式:是把上述助動詞或情態動詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構成.
用法: 1.不知道動作的執行者是誰,或沒有必要或不想指出誰是動作的執行者.
eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.強調或突出動作的承受者,此時如想同時指出動作的執行者,可用“by +動作執行者(賓格)來表示.
eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.
注 意點： 1.只有及物動詞能構成被動語態, 不及物動詞不能構成被動語態.
2.某些不及物動詞與介詞.副詞搭配構成短語動詞,帶有賓語時,則有了動作的承受者,這時應把它們看作一個整體,變為被動語態,不能丟掉其中的介詞,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.
3.有些動詞短語本身即是被動語態的形式, 不要再加by 短語,常用的有
be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to
4.某些動詞形式是主動語態,但含有被動的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well.
This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88.
5.主動語態與被動語態的相互變化關系
主動句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語(動作執行者) (動作承受者)
被動句: 主語 +謂語動詞的被動形式+ by + 動作執行者 (動作承受者)
1）主動句如何變為被動句
a.找到動作的承受者(常為主動句的賓語)作被動句的主語.b.找到謂語變為be + 過去分詞的結構.
c.找到動作的執行者(常為主動句的主語)作 by 的賓語.若不必指出動作的執行者,可省去 by 短語. d.確定be動詞的時態.數. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.
The beautiful kites are made by her. (被動句)
2）被動句如何變為主動句. a.找到動作的執行者(常為被動句的賓語)作主動句的主語.
b.找到be+過去分詞結構還原為及物動詞原形.
c.找到動作的承受者(常為被動句的主語)作主動句的賓語.
d.確定及物動詞的時態.數(注意)在以上轉換中,代詞作主語用主格, 代詞作賓語用賓格.
6.主動語態中有些動詞如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,變為被動語態要帶上to
He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.
7.主動語態中若有雙賓語,變為被動語態時, 通常把指人的間接賓語變為被動語態的主語. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.
練習題:
把下列句子變為被動句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little later.
2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women.
3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? → ___this kind of truck _____ in Nanjing?
4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.
5.Can I answer this question in simple English? →_____this question __ ______ in simple English?
6.You may clean the room after work. → The room may _____ _______ after work.
思考題:
1.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. → Brooms___ ___for sweeping the floor.
2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.
→ Quite a few tall buildings ___ _____ in their hometown last year.
3. You must not put the bike there. → The bike ___ ____ _____there.
4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? → Can the stars _____ __in the daytime?
