內(nèi) 容 提 要
定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)成分，定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時(shí)間狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，原因狀語從句，條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型。
I 定 語 從 句
一、 限定性定語從句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物;它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)常可省略關(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置
1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830.
[A] that it could
[B] could it
[C] it could
[D] that could
2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun.
[A] takes
[B] takes it
[C] which takes
[D] he takes
3) The period during when [A] people learned [B] to melt iron is called [C] the [D] Iron Age.
2. which作賓語時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.
[A] where
[B] of which
[C] during which
[D] that
5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.
[A] when
[B] which
[C] of which
[D] that
3. 代表物時(shí)多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all, anything, much等，這時(shí)的that常被省略(見本節(jié)“四、關(guān)系代詞的省略”)
4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語
6) Henry Ford is the person [A] which [B] is most responsible [C] for developing [D] the idea of mass production.
7) Human beings are social [A] animals whom [B] usually prefer not to live in [C] physical or psychological isolation [D] .
5. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句
8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life.
[A] there
[B] where
[C] after
[D] in
9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
[A] when
[B] where
[C] why
[D] which
10) A metropolitan region [A] is defined as a central [B] city and the territory where [C] surrounds [D] it.
6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間
11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery.
[A] as
[B] when
[C] because
[D] that
12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.
[A] whose
[B] during
[C] when
[D] of
13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.
[A] when
[B] whether
[C] more
[D] ever
[注] 值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time”一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. / I still remember the first time I met her. / Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格
14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
[A] which
[B] its
[C] that
[D] whose
15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few [A] jazz musicians who [B] style of playing [C] has kept pace with the evolution [D] of modern jazz.
8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來引導(dǎo)
16) I don’t want to concentrate on anything worrying me.
[A] what is
[B] there is
[C] what
[D] there
二、非限定性定語從句：非限定性定語從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí)，that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變，這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂，而他恰恰與我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
17) Ligaments(韌帶)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together.
[A] which are fibrous tissues
[B] they are fibrous tissues
[C] fibrous tissues that
[D] are fibrous tissues
18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945.
[A] who died
[B] died
[C] while died
[D] he died
19) The first United States citizen to become [A] a professional [B] sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which [C] works were executed in wax [D] .
三、定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤
1. 缺關(guān)系詞
20) The adder is a snake has [A] a relatively [B] stout body， a short tail [C] ， and a flat head [D] .
2. 從句中缺成分
21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid [A] little attention to cultural interpretations given to [B] silence， or to [C] the types of social contexts in which tends [D] to occur.
四、連接代詞的省略
22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower.
[A] can
[B] they can
[C] which can
[D] and
五、例題解析
1) D為正確答案。本句中的主句為“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”為定語從句，修飾主句中的名詞(主語)“the first doll”。
2) C為正確答案。
3) A錯(cuò)。during是介詞，它后面的關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指人除外)，which在此處指代“the period”，定語從句為“during which people…iron”，修飾主句的主語“the period”。
4) C為正確答案。
5) C為正確答案。
6) B錯(cuò)。改用who，which只能指物，指人時(shí)應(yīng)用who，本句的定語從句修飾the person，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語。本句也可改用that，因?yàn)閠hat也可用來指人，它可在從句中作主語或賓語，但which則只能指“物”。
7) B錯(cuò)。應(yīng)改用who，因?yàn)檫@里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在從句中作主語，而whom只能用來作賓語。
8) B為正確答案。空白后是一個(gè)定語從句，從句中主謂賓齊全，關(guān)系副詞where指代上面表示地點(diǎn)的名詞region(地方，地區(qū))，相當(dāng)于in which，即in the region，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
