1. 現在一般時與現在完成時

1) I come from Shanghai(上海人)

I have come from Shanghai(從上海來)

2) You read very well. (強調能力)

You’ve read very well. (強調一次剛完成的動作)

3) I forget.(一時想不起來了)

I have forgotten.(仍沒想起來，可能已回憶起來了)

4) The book is written in simple English. (表狀態)

The book has been written in simple English.(表動態，已用英語寫成)

5) Every time I see him, he’s been reading. (兩個動作不可能同時進行)Every time I have seen him, he’s been reading. (強調兩個動作同時進行)

6) He is gone. (強調狀態)He has gone (強調動作和時間)

7) He won’t come till the play begins. (演出開始時)

He won’t come till the play has begun.(戲已開始)

8) After I leave school, I’ll go to college. (兩個動作緊密相接)

After I have left school, I’ll go to college.(強調畢業后，兩個動作可能有間隔)

9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It’s been a long time since I saw you last.(這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)

10) Where are you? (在哪)Where have you been?(去了哪)

2. 現在一般時與現在進行時

1) He works hard.(強調始終如一)He is working hard.(強調現在)

2) What do you do? (干什么工作的)What are you doing?(在干什么)

3) Here comes the bus! (表高興和欣慰)

The bus is coming.(汽車到來的情景)

4) I forget him name. I’m forgetting his name.(差點把他的名字忘了)

5) You don’t eat much. (強調胃口不大)

You’re not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀)

6) The match starts at 7 o’clock. (比較固定，不宜改變)

The match is starting at 7 o’clock.(可以改變)

7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不滿，責備)

8)Tom goes to college now.

Tom is going to college now.(這兩句區別不大，后者更生動)

9) I tell you.(我可以告訴你)

I’m telling you.(我告訴你吧，有感情色彩)

10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.

He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味著整個下午都睡掉了)

11) I expect you to phone me. ( 幾乎等于命令)

I’m expecting you to phone me.(婉轉)

12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你說些什么呀，表說話人驚訝，不滿)

12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(強調結果) I’m finding that the book is too difficult for me. (強調過程，逐漸感到)

13) Apples cost more these days.(強調事實)

Apples are costing more these days.(越來越貴)

14) He always thinks of others.

He’s always thinking of others.(表示贊揚)

15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(強調兩個動作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(強調兩個動作同時進行)

16) I hope you’ll give us some advice.

I’m hoping you’ll give us some advice.(表示語氣婉轉)

17) I must go. (我應該去)I must be going.(我該走了)

18) We can discuss this while we eat.(說話是沒用餐)

We can discuss this while we are eating.(進餐已開始)

3. 現在完成時與過去一般時

1) I’ve seen him this morning.(還在上午的時間里)

I saw him this morning.(時間已不在上午了)

2) Who’s opened the window? (窗戶還在開著)

Who opened the window? (與現在無關,窗戶可能已關上)

3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是愛唱歌)

Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾聽過他唱歌嗎,他可能是歌唱家)

4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你聽過這種事嗎)

Did you ever hear of such a thing?(這種事, 你聽說過嗎? 是一個修辭性問題，表示驚異。)

5) What have I done to make you so angry? (對方仍生氣)

What did I do to make you so angry? (暗示某一過去的時間，可能對方已不生氣了。)

6) How has he done it? (他這活干的怎么樣?強調結果)

How did he do it?(他是怎么干這活的?強調干活的方式)

7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在紐約)

He lived in New York for eight years.(他可能不在人世了)

8) He has been called a thinker.

He was called a thinker.(他曾被譽為思想家)

9) You’ve heard what I said. (你聽見我的話了)

You heard what I said.(你是聽見我的話的，口氣嚴厲，具有感情色彩。)

10) I’ve lost my pen. (筆還沒找到)I lost my pen.(筆可能找到了)

11) He has already been there. (曾去過哪)

He was already there.(當時在哪)

12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.(生病還在延續)Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了)

13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了)

Did you sleep well?(暗示睡的是否舒服，滿意)

4. 過去完成時與過去一般時

1) I came here after I finished middle school.(兩個動作每間隔)

I came here after I had finished middle school.(兩個動作有間隔,強調先后概念)

2) I waited till I saw him.

I waited till I had seen him. (這兩個句子差不多,過去完成時更普遍)

3) We hoped he would come.(我們希望他來)

We had hoped he would come.(我們本希望他來的)

4) I don’t think he sang as well as he once did.(指具體一次)

I don’t think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,現在可能不唱了)

5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我來此以前在當兵)

Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我來此以前,曾當過兵)

6) Jim said he didn’t know he was so strong.(表示Jim在說話時仍很結實) Jim said he didn’t know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim說話之前曾結實過)

7) They were friends from many years.(表示現在還是朋友)

They had been friends for many years.(意味這友誼結束了)

8) He did the work at 6.(強調時間)

He had done the work at 6. (6點工作已做完)

9) I learned French during my holiday.(強調學了)

I had learned French during my holiday. (強調學會了)

10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱著坐下)

When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)

11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明確)

I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作業做完)

12) I have lived here since I was a child.(從我長大成人)

I have lived here since I had a child.(從我孩提時)

5. 過去進行時與過去一般時

1) I read a book yesterday. (書已看完)

I was reading a book yesterday.(書尚未看完)

2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)

The guests were arriving.(客人陸續到達)

3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)

He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)

4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)

5) John told me about it.(告訴我了,我都知道了)

John was telling me about it.(跟我談起過,我想了解更多的事情)

6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已經說服)

They were persuading me to go along with them.(還在勸說)

7) The wind blew hard all night.(強調事實)

The wind was blowing hard all night.(強調風刮個不停)

8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客氣,表示可能等了很舊了)

9) He knocked at the door.(強調一次性)

He was knocking at the door.(強調多次性)

6. 將來一般時與現在進行時

1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時間發生的比較近)

2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)

How long will you stay here?(表示打算)

3) She’ll have a baby. (表示肯定)

She’s going to have a baby.(表示推測,計劃)

4) I’ll see him this evening.(表示意愿)

I’m seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)

7. 現在一般時與過去一般式

1) Do you wish to see me?

Did you wish to see me?(表示婉轉客氣)

2) That’s all I have to say.(我的話就這些)

That’s all I had to say.(我要說的就這些)

3) How do you like the film? (看電影過程中)

How did you like the film?(看完電影后)

4) It is nice to see you.(見面時說)

It was so nice to see you.(離別時說)

5) I never like him. (沒時間性)

I never liked him.(從來沒喜歡過)

6) I think I know that voice.(沒見客人時)

I thought I know that voice.(見到客人時,證明自己正確或錯誤)

7) Who is that? (哪人還在)

Who was that?(人已不在場了)

8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做這種蛋糕)

This cake was made at home.(這種蛋糕是自家做的)

8.現在完成時與現在完成進行時

1) Someone has phoned you.(打了電話)

Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打電話)

2) I’ve read the novel.(已讀完)

I’ve been reading the novel.(還沒讀完)

3) He has lived here for six weeks.

e has been living here for six weeks. (區別不大,后者更口語化)

4) Have you met her lately?

Have you been meeting her lately?(強調動作的重復,經常見面)

5) Who’s eaten my apples? ( 蘋果沒有了)

Who’s been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示憤怒不滿)

9.現在一般時與過去完成時

1) I hope that he’ll come.

I had hoped he would come.(與事實相反)

(經常這樣用的詞有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)

To the top(回頁首)

現在完成時

趙寶斌

現在完成時是英語時態中最不好掌握的時態，因為對我們來說，它很難在漢語中找到相對應的說法，下面筆者從幾個方面分析一下現在完成時的用法。

1.現在完成時的定義：動作發生在過去，對現在的影響和結果。

2.強調過去的動作和狀態對現在產生的影響和結果。

常用的時間狀語有：already, yet, never，有時沒有時間狀語;多是一般疑問句。

I have already seen the film.

Have you decided yet?

3.剛剛和最近發生的動作和狀態。

常用的時間狀語有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks

注意：just 和just now用不同的時態，just now(剛才)一般用過去時。

I have just phoned him?

I have visited my parents recently.

4.從過去一直延續到現在的動作和狀態。

常用的時間狀語有：since, (可用作介詞和連詞)for

注意：主句的謂語動詞一般是延續性的動詞，如果是否定形式，主句的謂語動詞可用瞬間動詞，否則，不能用瞬間動詞。

I have lived here for 20 years.

I have lived here since I came to this city

I have learned English since 10 years ago.

He hasn’t come to visit us for a few months.

5.從過去到現在一段時間的動作和狀態。

常用的時間狀語有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life

注意：這兩句話的區別

I have seen him this morning. (時間還在上午)

I saw him this morning. (時間不是在上午了)

We have learned so many things from you so far.

I have seen any bird like this in my life.

6.對過去的體驗和經歷。

常用的時間狀語有：before, ever, once, twice, many times

注意：這兩句話的區別

I have been to Beijing (去過北京)

I have gone to Beijing(去北京了，人還沒回來〕

Have you seen tiger before?

I have been to Shanghai many times.

從上面幾方面的分析， 我們把現在完成的用法和時間狀語聯系起來一起考慮，掌握完成時態的用法。