補語

補語的作用對象是主語和賓語,具有鮮明的定語性描寫或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。補語是起補充說明作用的成份。最常見的是賓語補足語。名詞、動名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補。

主語補足語

它用在系動詞后，是句子的一個基本成分。常用主-系-表結構。

1.. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶?

-- Me. --我。 (me做主語補語= It’s me.)

2.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was her. (her做主語補語) 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。

賓語補足語

1.不定式(to do)

Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。

We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。

We made him copy the sentence.

He is made to copy the sentence.

I felt my hands tremble.

2.名詞

At the meeting we elected him monitor.

I think your brother a clever boy.

3.形容詞

What you said made Xiao Wang angry.

I found the classroom empty.

4.副詞

Please call the students back at once.

He was seen to take his cap off.

5.現在分詞

We hear him singing in the hall.

I found him lying in bed, sleeping.

6.過去分詞

He saw his face reflected in the water.

I heard it spoken of in the next room.

主語補足語與賓語補足語的聯系

1、主動語態中的賓語補足語，可以轉化為被動語態中的主語補足語。

They caught the boy stealing. (stealing 作為賓語補足語) 轉化為被動語態 The boy was caught stealing. (stealing轉化為主語補足語)

2、被動語態的主語補足語與主動語態的賓語補足語是密切相關的。

(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.

(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.

句(1)中的含義不是我看見他，而是我看見他正在打籃球。playing basketball是賓語him的補足語。所以叫賓語補足語。

句(2)中的含義也不是他被看，而是別人看見他正在打籃球。這里的playing basketball是主語he的補足語，故稱作主語補足語。主語和主語補足語一起稱作復合主語。所以含有主語補足語的句子一般是被動語態，謂語動詞是可以接復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)的及物動詞。句首的主語就是主語補足語的邏輯主語。