同位語從句講解及練習
一、理解同位語從句的含義，把握同位語從句的實質
在主從復合句中作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等詞引導，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名詞后面，說明該名詞的具體內容。換言之，同位語從句和所修飾的名詞在內容上為同一關系，對其內容作進一步說明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個學校。
析：they had won the game說明The news的全部內容，因此該句為同位語從句。
二、正確運用同位語從句的引導詞，準確把握同位語從句
1.如同位語從句意義完整，應用that引導同位語從句。(即that 不充當任何成分，只起連接作用，不可省略)
例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.將軍下達了戰士們立即過河的命令。
析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部內容，且意義完整，因此應用that引導同位語從句。
2.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加"是否"的含義，應用whether引導同位語從句。(if不能引導同位語從句)
例：We’ll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我們將討論運動會是否會如期舉行的問題。
析：the sports meeting will be held on time意義不完整，應加"是否"的含義才能表達the problem的全部內容，因此應用whether引導同位語從句。
3.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加"什么時候"、"什么地點"、"什么方式"等含義，應用when, where, how等詞引導同位語從句。
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
析：he will be back意義不完整，應加"什么時候"的含義才能表達idea的全部內容，因此應用when引導同位語從句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意義不完整，應加"如何"的含義才能表達impression的全部內容，因此應用how引導同位語從句。
4.當主句的謂語較短，而同位語從句較長時，同位語從句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
三、把握同位語從句和定語從句的區別，明確同位語從句和相似從句的界限
同位語從句和定語從句相似，都放在某一名詞或代詞后面，但同位語從句不同于定語從句。同位語從句對名詞加以補充說明，是名詞全部內容的體現，且名詞和同位語從句的引導詞均不在從句中作成分;定語從句說明先行詞的性質與特征，與先行詞是修飾與被修飾的關系，且名詞和定語從句的引導詞均在從句中作成分。
區分時可以在先行詞與與從句之間加一個系動詞be,使之構成一個新句子，如果句子通順且符合邏輯，則為同位語從句，反之，則為定語從句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因為the report was that he was going to resign 句意通順，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位語從句。
例1：
1)Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案為B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的內容，且Information不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語從句。應將該句區別于：
2)It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案為B。that has been put forward為information的修飾性定語，且information在從句中作主語，所以該句為定語從句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案為B。分析語境含義、句子結構和句子成分可知，該句為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為a terrible noise，且它在從句中作主語。應將該句區別于：
I can’t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案為D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的內容，且the terrible noise不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語從句。
鞏固性練習：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that B. what C. why D. which
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. hat B. what C. which D. why
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what B. that C. why D. when
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which B. that C./ D. it
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when B. that C. what D./
6. I’ve come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won’t be held tomorrow.
A. if B. that C. whether D. which
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient’s fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that B. as C. of which D. which
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A. whether B. where C. that D. when
Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
同位語從句和定語從句的三點區別
同位語從句和定語從句很相似,但還是有區別的,區別主要在以下三方面:
1. 從詞類上區別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定內涵的名詞?而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞?代詞?主句的一部分或是整個主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位語從句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
(同位語從句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位語從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興?(定語從句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位醫生在房間里面?(定語從句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他媽媽盡她的最大努力幫助他的學習?(定語從句,代詞all作先行詞?)
2. 從性質上區別
定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋,屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的?(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的?(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我許諾如果誰讓我自由,我就讓他非常富有?(同位語從句,補充說明promise到底是一個什么諾言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 媽媽做出了一個令她的孩子們高興的許諾?(定語從句,promise在從句中作pleased的主語?)
3. 從引導詞及其在句子中的成分上區別
有些引導詞如how, whether, what可以引導同位語從句,但不能引導定語從句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮?(同位語從句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他發生了什么事?(同位語從句)
引導詞that引導定語從句時,在從句中一般作主語或賓語(指物時還可以用which代替),并且作賓語時常常省略?that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用,不充當任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which來代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了?(同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組?(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略?)
內容相關：
從句講解之(3)——賓語從句
從句講解之(2)——表語從句
從句講解之(1)——主語從句
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