按意義來分,副詞可分為情狀副詞、程度副詞、地方副詞、時間副詞、頻率副詞和肯定否定副詞。
按用法來分,副詞可分為簡單副詞、疑問副詞和關(guān)系副詞。
1.情狀副詞表示狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)或方式。
(1)情狀副詞用在不及物動詞后。
The snack of that place tastes wonderfully good.
那地方的小吃驚人的好吃。
He runs fast.
他跑得快。
(2)情狀副詞用在不及物動詞與介系詞之間或句尾。
(誤)He spoke to slowly the foreigner.
(正)He spoke slowly to the foreigner.
(正)He spoke to the foreigner slowly.
中文:他慢慢地與那個外國人說話。
(3)情狀副詞用在及物動詞前或句尾。
(誤)He left quietly the room.
(正)He quietly left the room.
(正)He left the room quietly.
中文:他靜靜地離開了房間。
(4)情狀副詞用在所修飾的形容詞或副詞前。
It is really important.
這真的重要。
The tree grows wonderfully fast.
這樹長得快得驚人。
(5)情狀副詞用在BE與分詞之間或句尾。
(誤)He is reading loudly the newspaper.
(正)He is loudly reading the newspaper.
(正)He is reading the newspaper loudly.
中文:他正在大聲讀報。
(6)情狀副詞在句首,加強(qiáng)語氣。
Quickly I picked up the gun.
我迅速拿起槍。
2.程度副詞表示動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的程度,如：too(太), very(非常), much(很), almost(幾乎), nearly(幾乎), enough(充分), hardly(幾乎不)等。
I will miss you very much.
我將會非常想念你的。
(1)程度副詞用在一般動詞前。
I almost forgot to bring my keys.
我差點(diǎn)忘記帶鑰匙。
(2)程度副詞用在助動詞與主要動詞之間。
I could hardly believe it.
我?guī)缀醪荒芟嘈潘?/p>
(3)程度副詞用在形容詞或副詞前,enough除外。
He drives very carefully.
他駕駛很小心。
He is old enough to go to school.
他夠年齡,可以上學(xué)了。
enough位于所修飾的形容詞之后。
(4)程度副詞much(...得多), even(更加)可在形容詞或副詞
的比較級之前作修飾語。
This question is much more difficult than that one.
這個問題比那個問題難多了。
Canada is even larger than the United States.
加拿大甚至比美國還大。
3.地方副詞表示地方或方向,如：here(這里), there(那里), outdoors(在戶外), out(在外), home(在家), abroad(在國外)等。
(1)地方副詞用在主要動詞后。
After work he went home.
工作結(jié)束后他回家。
(2)若兩個地方副詞同時出現(xiàn),則小地方在前,大地方在后。
Ribb was born at Sydney in Australia.
瑞柏出生于澳洲的雪梨。
(3)here, there作地方副詞可放在句首,用以加強(qiáng)語氣。
Here I am.
我在這里。
(4)地方副詞up(向上), down(向下), on(上), off(離去)等與及物動詞連用,形成片語動詞;名詞可在及物動詞與副詞之間或之后,代名詞只能在及物動詞與副詞之間。
【參見地方介系詞】
I turned on the radio.
I turned the radio on.
我打開收音機(jī)。
I turned it on.
我打開它。
不能說I turned on it.
4.時間副詞表示時間或期間,如：today(今天), tomorrow(明天), yesterday(昨天), now(現(xiàn)在), soon(不久), then(那時), recently(近來), lately(近來), afterwards(后來)等。
(1)時間副詞用在句尾。
I went to the bar yesterday.
我昨天去酒吧了。
I shall go to Beijing for a meeting tomorrow.
親愛的，明天我將去北京開個會。
(2)時間副詞用在句首以加強(qiáng)語氣。
Tomorrow I shall attend a meeting.
明天我將參加會議。
(3)句中若出現(xiàn)多個時間副詞,短時間在前,長時間在后。
It took place at 4 o’clock on the 4th of May, 1896.
它發(fā)生于一八九六年五月四日四點(diǎn)鐘。
(4)表示時間的副詞或副詞片語前不加介系詞或定冠詞。
(誤)He will be back on next Monday.
(誤)He will be back the next Monday.
(正)He will be back next Monday.
他下星期一回來。
(5)still(還,仍然), yet(還,仍然)等是特殊的時間副詞,一般用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某種句型, still表示動作或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)作"仍然"講, yet用于疑問句作"已經(jīng)"講,用于否定句作"還"講。
I am still standing.
我還在站著。
Is everything ready yet?
一切都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?
5.頻率副詞是表示與次數(shù),頻率有關(guān)的副詞,如：always(總是), usually(經(jīng)常), sometimes(有時), seldom(不常), once(一次), twice(兩次)等。
I decide to call you twice a day.
我決定一天給你打兩次電話。
(1)頻率副詞用在BE后。
It is usually hot in summer.
夏天天氣通常是熱的。
(2)頻率副詞用在主要動詞前。
My father usually walks home.
我的父親經(jīng)常步行回家。
(3)頻率副詞用在助動詞與主要動詞之間。
I will always love you.
我將永遠(yuǎn)愛你。
(4)頻率副詞用在OUGHT TO之間。
You ought often to write to your mother.
你應(yīng)該常給你母親寫信。
(5)在答句中,頻率副詞必須放在助動詞前。
Do you often go there?
你常去那里嗎?
(誤)Yes, I do often.
是的,我常去。
(正)Yes, I often do.
是的,我常去。
(6)never(從不), seldom(很少,不常)用于句首時,句子要用倒裝形式以加強(qiáng)語氣。
Never have I been there.
我從未去過那里。
Seldom do I watch TV.
我很少看電視。
6.肯定否定副詞表示肯定或否定意義,如:yes(是的), no(不), not(不), never(絕不), surely(當(dāng)然地), certainly(一定地)等,主要修飾全句或動詞。
(1)肯定副詞與否定副詞不能同時出現(xiàn)。
I will not be back until next Friday.
我將在下周五回來。
Is he not a student?
他不是學(xué)生嗎?
(誤)Yes, he is not a student.
是的,他不是學(xué)生。
(正)No, he is not a student.
是的,他不是學(xué)生。
(2)否定副詞必須接在第一個助動詞后。
(誤)You should have not asked this question yesterday.
(正)You should not have asked this question yesterday.
你昨天不該問這個問題。
(3)否定副詞如never, scarcely在句首,句子要用倒裝形式,表示加強(qiáng)語氣。
scarcely does he wear glasses though he is near-sighted.
雖然他近視,但他很少戴眼鏡。
7.疑問副詞是問何時、何地、如何、因何的副詞,主要有when, where, how, why。
(1)疑問副詞用在句首。
How long will you stay there?
你將在那里待多久?
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美國待多久了?
(2)疑問副詞在句中引導(dǎo)名詞子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。
(3)疑問副詞后接不定詞構(gòu)成的名詞片語,在句中可以作主語、賓語或主語補(bǔ)語。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解決這個問題使他傷透腦筋。
How to solve the problem作主語。
I don’t know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答這個問題。
how to answer the question作賓語。
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
這個病人急需這種藥,但問題是哪里能找到。
where to get it作主語補(bǔ)語。
(4)疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞子句可作主語、賓語或主語補(bǔ)語。
When we are to start the competition hasn’t fixed yet.
我們什么時候開始比賽還沒有定下來。
When we are to start the competition作主語。
She asked her husband where he had been.
她問她丈夫去哪里了。
where he had been 作賓語。
The question is when we can finish our work.
問題是我們何時能完成我們的工作。
when we can finish our work作主語補(bǔ)語。
8.關(guān)系副詞兼有副詞與連接詞兩種作用。
(1)關(guān)系副詞所引導(dǎo)的形容詞子句用于修飾主要子句中的某一名詞或代名詞,被修飾的詞稱作先行詞,關(guān)系副詞要放在先行詞之后。
(2)關(guān)系副詞主要有四個,即when, where, why, how。此外the也可作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)副詞子句。
Would you please tell me the way how I can get to the zoo?
你能告訴我去動物園的路嗎?
the way是先行詞。
This is the place where(that) I first met her.
這是我第一次見到她的地方。
It is the place where(that) my grandmother was born.
那是我祖母出生的地方。
在口語中that可以充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞,代替when, why, how,只有先行詞是the place時,才可代替where。
A:When should we start to work?
B:The sooner (we start), the better (it will be).
我們該開什么時候應(yīng)始工作? 越早越好。
the作關(guān)系副詞是引導(dǎo)副詞子句,句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般為:The+比較級...+the+比較級...,第一個the是關(guān)系副詞。
(3)time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行詞時可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容詞子句,而變成名詞子句或副詞子句。
This is where he was born.
這是他出生的地方。
where he was born是名詞子句。
This is the place where he was born.
where he was born是形容詞子句。
I’ll meet her at the place where I first met her.
我將在第一次見到她的地方見她。
where I first met her是形容詞子句。
I’ll meet her where I first met her.
where I first met her是副詞子句。
(4)關(guān)系副詞有限定用法,指的是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的形容詞子句只修飾先行詞。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
我們在學(xué)校里上學(xué)的那些日子里很快樂。
(5)關(guān)系副詞有補(bǔ)述用法,即關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的是對等子句而不是形容詞子句,主要用于對主要子句中的不足之處加以補(bǔ)充,前面都要加逗點(diǎn)與主要子句分開。
Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.
湯姆前天結(jié)婚了,那天也是他的生日。
(6)wherever,whenever,however是{復(fù)合關(guān)系副詞,表示"不論",引導(dǎo)一個修飾主要子句里的動詞的副詞子句,可加強(qiáng)語氣或表示讓步。
【參見關(guān)系形容詞】
Wherever he goes, he would bring an umbrella with him.
不論他去哪里,他都帶著一把雨傘。
9.連接副詞起對等連接詞的作用,連接兩個句子或子句,如： however, so, then, therefore。
I have never been there so I don’t know much about it.
我從未去過那兒所,以我對它知道不多。
(1)連接副詞通常位于子句的句首,有的也可位于句中。
They talked about it for hours. Finally, they decided to go。
他們對此商量了好幾個小時,最后他們決定去。
finally作為連接副詞,放在句子的句首。
I have never been to Wales. I, therefore, don’t know much about it.
我從未去過威爾斯,因此我對它知道的不多。
therefore作為連接副詞,位于句子的句中。
(2)有些連接副詞的含義彼此相同或相近,在使用時可以互相替換,而不會改變原句的含義。
The weather was cold. Therefore(Thus), we stayed home.
天氣寒冷,因此我們待在家里。
therefore和thus的含義相近,因而也可以互相替換。
